Pfungwa uye kuvandudza mapurasitiki akagadziridzwa

Pfungwa: Mapolymer epurasitiki anogadzirwa kuita mapolymer epurasitiki anosangana nezvimwe zvinodiwa nekuwedzera zvinoshanda, zvinowedzera, mafirita, nezvimwewo, kana nekubatanidza mapolymer akasiyana, uchishandisa nzira dzemuviri, nzira dzemakemikari, kana kubatanidza nzira dzakasiyana kuburikidza nemishini yemuchina Zvinhu.

Kugadziridza tekinoroji: kunyanya shandisa kusanganisa, kuzadza, kuomesa, kusimbisa, kuenderana, murazvo wemoto, alloying uye mamwe matekinoroji ekuvandudza murazvo wemoto, kuramba kuchembera, zvivakwa zvemagetsi, magetsi, magineti, optical, uye zvinopisa zvinhu zveresin Hunhu.

Zvichienderana neuinjiniya hwemapurasitiki akajairwa uye nekuita kwepamusoro kweinjiniya mapurasitiki, maitiro ekugadzira mapurasitiki akagadziridzwa anounzawo yekucheka-kumucheto sainzi senge nanotechnology, condensed matter physics, kuchengetedza simba uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, izvo zvinowedzera kuwedzera hupamhi nekudzika kweiyo. kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki uye inova inochengetedza mafuta. Nzira dzakanaka dzezviwanikwa, kuderedza mitengo yekugadzira, uye kuwedzera mabhenefiti ehupfumi. Zvishandiso zvaro zvinofukidza maindasitiri echinyakare akadai semidziyo yemuhofisi, midziyo yemumba, zvemagetsi nemagetsi, uye minda yepamusoro-soro senge njanji yekufambisa, zviridzwa zvakaringana, aerospace, uye simba idzva.

Kubva pakuenzanisa zvinodikanwa zvechinyakare maindasitiri uye epamusoro-tekinoroji, izvo zvinodikanwa zvechinyakare minda yekunyorera zvinobhadhara zvakanyanya kumutengo wezvigadzirwa uye kuenderana pakati pemabheti akasiyana, nepo nzvimbo yepamusoro-tech inotarisisa kana kuita kwechigadzirwa kunosangana. dhizaini zvinodiwa. Parizvino, kune mazana emakambani ari kuita mapurasitiki akagadziridzwa muChina ane makumi ezviuru zvevashandi. Kuvandudzwa kwemisika yakaita semotokari, midziyo yemumba, uye mwenje yaita kuti kushandiswa kwemapurasitiki akagadziridzwa kuwedzere gore negore, neavhareji yekukura kwegore inopfuura 15%.

Hot spot tekinoroji uye misimboti yekugadziriswa kwepurasitiki

Kunyangwe mapurasitiki akagadziridzwa anogona kuwanikwa nenzira dzakasiyana siyana, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira maitiro nhasi ichiri kuzadza mapurasitiki kana composite inotsikirira alloy zvinhu. Maitiro ekugadzira anonyanya kusanganisira refu girazi fiber reinforcement tekinoroji, kusanganisa uye alloying tekinoroji, uye nanotechnology.

1. Yakareba girazi fiber yakasimbiswa tekinoroji

Yakareba girazi fiber reinforcement tekinoroji ndeyekubatanidza magirazi faibha mumapurasitiki, nekudaro kuwana mabhenefiti pamusoro pesimbi dzakajairwa maererano nesimba, kuoma, huremu, uye mutengo. Yakareba girazi fiber yakasimbisa tekinoroji inonyanya kushandiswa mukuvandudza mota. Iyo yepamusoro-inoshanda yakagadziridzwa mapurasitiki anowanikwa anogona kutsiva mamwe ma mechanic zvikamu zvemotokari, kuitira kuti mota dziwane huremu huremu uye inodhura-inoshanda pasi pemamwe mamiriro esimba uye usability.

2. Kusanganisa uye alloy tekinoroji

Tekinoroji yekusanganisa nekusanganisa (alloying) zvinoreva kusanganisa mapolymer maviri kana anopfuura muchikamu chakati, wobva waasanganisa kuita goridhe nemakemikari, emuviri nedzimwe nzira. Mapurasitiki akagadziridzwa anowanikwa kuburikidza neiyi tekinoroji anowanzo kuve nekunatsiridza kukuru mukugadzirisa zvivakwa, mechanical properties, heat resistance, flame retardancy, etc., uye ndeimwe yemhando dzinoshanda zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemapurasitiki. Zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo chaiyo uye midziyo yehofisi. , Packaging zvinhu, zvokuvakisa uye mamwe minda.

3. Kuzadza uye nanotechnology

Nanotechnology haingobatsire chete zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki kuve nekusimba kwakasimba uye michina zvivakwa, asi zvakare inogona kupa mapurasitiki zvivakwa zvitsva uye kuwedzera minda yekushandisa yemapurasitiki. Semuenzaniso, akasiyana nano-inorganic poda zvinhu zvakagadziridzwa mapurasitiki ane akanakisa anti-kuchembera zvivakwa.

4. Michina inoparara

Plastiki yagara iri dambudziko mukutonga kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvakaoma kuderedza muzvisikwa, saka zviripo muvhu kwenguva yakareba. Mazuva ano, pfungwa yekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza yakadzika midzi mumoyo yevanhu, uye zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvakagadziridzwa zvakasvibirira uye zvakatipoteredza zvakadai semapurasitiki e starch uye mapurasitiki anoparara zvave zvitsva zvitsva.

Iwo mapoinzi makuru ekutarisisa epurasitiki shanduko yekudzokorodza tekinoroji

1. Kuenderana kwemapurasitiki akadzokororwa

Mapurasitiki akashandiswa zvakare ndeaya: PVC, PE, PP, HIPS, ABS, AS, PMMA, PET, PBT, PC, PA6, PA66, POM, PPS, kupisa kwenylon, EVA, TPU, TPE, etc. yekufanana uye kugarisana. Pazvinhu zvakadzokororwa, chakakosha kubata kuti ndezvipi zvinogona kusanganiswa zvakanaka uye izvo zvisina kunyatsosanganiswa. Izvi zvinotevera mapoinzi akakosha anofanirwa kutariswa mukugadziriswa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemapurasitiki akadzokororwa:

PE, PP mhando

Nheyo yacho inofanirwa kusiyaniswa pakati peHDPE (yakaderera kumanikidza PE), LDPE (yakanyanya kudzvinyirira PE), uye LLDPE (mutsara). Kune matambudziko mashoma nekushandiswa kwakasanganiswa kweLDPE neLLDPE, nepo kushandiswa kwakasanganiswa kwezviviri uye HDPE kune mamwe matambudziko mukugadzira;

Kune HIPS, ABS, AS, PMMA, haigoni kuva ne PE zvinhu, uye nokuda kwenylon, iyo ine imwe PE, ichabatsira kugadzirisa kunyura kwayo kwemvura, nyore kunyorera uye zvimwe zvinhu;

Kune PP, mukudzokorodza uye kugadzirisa patsva, chikamu cheLDPE neLLDPE chinogona kuve chirimo zvakakodzera.

PVC chikamu

Yakasanganiswa nechikamu cheABS uye EVA inogona kuwedzera kuoma kwayo. Naizvozvo, kana uchigadzira PVC, ABS, EVA, nezvimwe zvinogona kuve zvakafanira zvirimo. Muchidimbu, kunze kwePVC/ABS alloy, zvimwe zvinhu hazvigone kuve nePVC.

ABS mhando

Kune HIPS neABS, hapana dambudziko nekuenderana pakati pezviviri izvi. Chinokosha ndechokuti kuoma kwakasanganiswa kwezviviri kunoderedzwa zvikuru. Zvakaoma kuvandudza maitiro kunyangwe iyo toughening agent yakawedzerwa. Kunze kwekunge chikamu chechitatu chawedzerwa kune alloying, chikamu chechitatu chinogona kuwedzerwa. Resilience, saka izvo zviviri zvinofanira kupatsanurwa uye kwete kusanganiswa pamwechete;

ABS uye AS inogona kusanganiswa zvachose, kiyi ndeyekugadzirisa reshiyo zvinoenderana nekuoma kwayo zvinodiwa;

ABS, AS uye PMMA inogona kusanganiswa kuti iite yakakwira-gloss ABS, kana kuwedzera kune acrylic sheets kuti ishandiswe.

PA chikamu

PA6 uye PA66 inogona kusanganiswa zvachose kuti igadziriswe kuita naironi engineering zvinhu;

Kune yakakwira-tembiricha naironi, dzivirira kusanganisa muPA6 kana PA66. Nekuti high-tembiricha naironi ine nzvimbo yakanyanyisa kunyungudika, haigone kunyungudika zvachose pakupisa tembiricha yePA6 kana PA66.

POM kirasi

POM haigoni kusanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu mumusimboti, nekuti tembiricha yayo yekugadzira yakatetepa uye iri nyore kudzikisa. Kune POM yakadzoserwa nozzles, TPU tougheners inogona kushandiswa kuvandudza kuoma kwayo.

2. Kusanganiswa kwemapurasitiki akashandiswa zvakare

Nezve mapurasitiki akadzokororwa, zvimwe zvikamu hazvigone kuparadzaniswa zvizere, uye isu tinogona zvakare kushandisa zvinhu zvemapurasitiki akadzokororwa kugadzira alloys epurasitiki kubva kune izvi zvakagadziridzwa zvinhu kana zvinhu zvakadzokororwa zvisingagoni kuparadzaniswa kuti zvibudise zvakagadziridzwa zvinhu zvinosangana nezvinodiwa. Naizvozvo, kuti uzive izvi, zvinodikanwa kuti unzwisise anowanzo kugadzirwa epurasitiki alloys uye anowanzo shandiswa anowirirana.

3. Kusimbiswa kwemapurasitiki akashandiswa zvakare

Nekusimbisa mapurasitiki akadzokororwa, girazi fiber reinforcement inowanzotaurwa, asi kashoma kumapurasitiki akadzokororwa senge kabhoni faibha uye simbi fiber. Kusimbisa girazi fiber, zvinotevera zvinofanirwa kuitwa:

PE/PP chisanganiswa

Zvinhu zviviri izvi zvinopindirana. Kune PE munyaya yekusakwana kusimba uye kupisa kupisa, unogona kufunga kuwedzera chikamu chePP zvakakodzera (zvichienderana nekuedza);

Nokuda kwekuwedzera kwePE mukugadzirisa kwePP, chinangwa chikuru ndechekuvandudza kuoma kwayo uye kuderedza kuwanda kwekuomesa mumiririri POE;

Nezve mutengo wezve PE uye PP, yakadzokororwa EVA, POE uye polyolefin elastomers inogona kusarudzwa kuti iomese.

PA/PE alloy

PA/PE alloy, iyi mhando yealloy haingogone kuderedza kunyura kwemvura yenylon, asiwo inovandudza kushanduka kwenylon yakasimbiswa. Iyi mhando yemusika wezvinhu zvakadzokororwa ndiyo yakajairika mhando yecomposite firimu. Zvinoenderana neyakasiyana nylon yemukati, iyo nzira yekushandisa yakasiyana. Kune iyo nylon yemukati isingasviki makumi matatu muzana, inogona kutorwa seyakadyiwa muPE. Kune iyo nylon yemukati inodarika 30%, musimboti, Yakanakira kushandiswa mune naironi zvigadzirwa. Semuyenzaniso, iyo yakadzokororwa yakasanganiswa membrane zvinhu ine naironi yemukati ye30%, munylon 50 yakasimbisa 6% yegirazi fiber, kuwedzera isingapfuuri 30% yezvakagadzirwa zvakare inoumbwa membrane zvinhu zvinogona kuwana 20% kukwidziridzwa kwezvinhu zvemuviri neitsva. zvinhu naironi 30.

ABS / PC alloy

ABS/PC alloy ine simba rakanaka remuchina, kusimba uye kunonoka kwemoto, uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuvaka, mota nemidziyo yemagetsi. Mhando iyi ndiyo mhando inoshandiswa pamusika uye ine nhamba yakawanda yekuvandudzwa. Inowanzo shandiswa compatibilizers seABS, AS, PS, nezvimwewo zvakabatanidzwa ne maleic anhydride; acrylate copolymers, etc. The toughening agents kunyanya MBS uye acrylate copolymers.

PC/PBT chisanganiswa

PC/PBT alloy ine simba rakawanda uye kusimba kwakanyanya, uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumotokari, midziyo yemagetsi, zvinhu zvemitambo nezvimwe zvikamu. Kune anowanzo shandiswa anowirirana toughening agents, unogona kureva ayo anoshandiswa muPC nePBT, akadai semethyl methacrylate grafts, acrylate copolymers, zvichingodaro.

ABS/PMMA alloy

ABS uye PMMA alloy, ABS/PA alloy chinhu chine kunaka kupikisa kuramba, makemikari kuramba, kupisa kupisa uye fluidity. Inoshandiswa mumotokari dzemukati zvikamu, mapaneru ezviridzwa, maturusi emagetsi, zvemitambo zvemitambo, lawn mowers, mazaya echando uye mamwe maindasitiri chikamu.

Kune inowanzoshandiswa inoenderana kuomesa, unogona kureva ABS uye naironi, senge ABS-g-MAH, POE-g-MAH, nezvimwe.

ABS/PBT chiwanikwa

ABS/PBT alloy ine zvakanaka kupisa kupisa, simba uye fluidity, uye inokodzera mukati nekunze zvikamu zvemotokari, kunze kwezvikamu zvemidhudhudhu, uye zvinoonekwa zvikamu zvemidziyo yemagetsi. Kune anowanzo shandiswa anowirirana toughening agents, unogona kureva ayo anoshandiswa muABS nePBT, akadai semethyl methacrylate grafts.

ABS/PCTA alloy

ABS/PCTA (inowanzo kunzi yakaderera tembiricha PET) alloys ane kuenderana kwakanaka pakati pezviviri izvi. Iyo inoomesera yekuenderana sisitimu inogona kutariswa nenzira kwayo zvichienderana neiyo ABS/PBT alloy. Mazhinji eaya alloys anotengeswa seABS pamusika.

ABS / PET alloy

ABS / PET alloy, kiyi yemhando iyi yealloy ndeye kubata crystallinity yePET. Ndichiri kufunga kuenderana kwayo uye kuomarara, inofanirwawo kufunga nezve crystallinity yayo. Semuyenzaniso, iyo toughening inoenderana system inogona kufunga methyl methacrylate grafting. Izvo zvinodikanwa kusarudza yakakodzera nucleating agent uye lubricant mukufunga nezve processability yayo.

HIPS/PPO alloy

HIPS uye PPO alloys. Iwo maviri alloys anogona kusanganiswa mune chero chiyero. Iyo nzira yekutonga iyo PPO yemukati inogona kuve kuburikidza nekuongorora bvunzo, kana kuburikidza neyakapusa kupisa kupisa tembiricha. Semuyenzaniso, kupisa kunokanganisa tembiricha ye30% HIPS inenge 145 madhigirii ( Pure PPO inenge 190 madhigirii).

Kutarisana nekubatanidzwa kwepamusoro kwegirazi fiber uye plastiki, imwe ndeyekuwedzera coupling agent ye pamusoro kurapwa, yakadai sePP pamwe negirazi fiber, unogona kuwedzera coupling agent KH-550, nezvimwewo; imwe yacho ndeyekuwedzera inopindirana yekurapa kwekubatanidza kwepamusoro, sePP plus Glass fiber inogona kuwedzerwa nePP-g-MAH (PP yakabatanidzwa maleic anhydride) zvichingodaro.

Zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvesimba, iyo girazi fiber ine simba rakawanda zvinodiwa seyakaonda sezvinobvira, seyakajairwa girazi fiber 988A, kana isina kusimbiswa, kazhinji 14μ, uye simba re10μ-12μ richave rakakwirira. Zvisinei, hazvina kunaka sezvinobvira. Izvo zviduku uye zvakanyanyisa mamiriro akafanana, zvakanyanya kuoma kutema nekuparadzira. Kunyanya, PP uye PE ine yakaderera viscosity yakanyanya kuoma kucheka, izvo dzimwe nguva zvinotungamira kunetsa mukutambanudza.

Iwo makuru ekunze maindasitiri epurasitiki akagadziridzwa

1. Mapurasitiki akagadziridzwa kune zvakatipoteredza ane hushamwari mutakuri wekutakura anotungamira mota

Mumotokari mune zvikamu zvakawanda zvinoda kushandisa mapurasitiki akagadziridzwa, senge mabumpers, matangi emafuta, mavhiri ekufambisa, mukati memukati, nezvimwewo. Huremu hwemapurasitiki akagadziridzwa anoshandiswa mumotokari imwe neimwe anotora 7% kusvika 10% yemotokari. uremu hwavo, kubva 40 kg kusvika 90 kg. Huwandu hwemapurasitiki akagadziridzwa anoshandiswa mumotokari munyika dzakabudirira dzakaita seUnited States, Germany, neJapan huri pakati pe10% ne15%, uye mamwe akatokwira kusvika pa20%. Semuenzaniso, Audi A2 mota, huremu hwese hwezvikamu zvepurasitiki hwasvika 220 kg, inoverengera 24.6% yehuremu hwayo. .

Zvinogona kuoneka kuti mapurasitiki akagadziridzwa ane musika wakakura mumunda wekugadzira mota.

Mutekinoroji yakareruka, kabhoni fibre yakasimbisa thermoplastic composites (CFRTP) yakagadzirirwa nekubatanidza zvakanakira einjiniya mapurasitiki ane corrosion resistance, yakaderera chaiyo giravhiti, kukanganisa kupikisa, kuumba nyore, uye kushandiswazve, zvakagadzirirwa nekuda kwekuita kwavo kwakanaka. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumunda wemotokari, inogona kutsiva zvikamu zvakagadzirwa zvechinyakare simbi zvinhu uye girazi faibha yakasimbiswa zvinhu, senge mota dzemberi-magumo modules, injini periphery, muviri, chigaro furemu, bhatiri bracket, simba bhatiri pack shell, etc. Semuenzaniso , iyo kabhoni fiber-yakasimbiswa PA yakatevedzana yakagadzirwa neJinyang New Materials ine uremu hwakajeka hwekudzikisa huremu, hunogona kuwana kuderedzwa kwe10% -20%.

Pamusoro pezvinhu zvisingaremekedzi, zvinhu zvine hushamwari zvakatipoteredza senge spray-isina uye kunhuhwirira kwakaderera zvakatangawo kushandiswa zvakanyanya mumunda wemotokari. Coatings ine huwandu hukuru hweVOC (volatile organic compounds). Zvishandiso zvisina kupfapfaidza zvinhu zvine hushamwari zvakatipoteredza zvinogona kutsiva zvechinyakare machira. Inofarirwa nemitemo uye musika, ikozvino yave yakakurumbira mota zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa mumotokari dzinodzora mapaneru uye magridi. Zvikamu zvakaita semagrille, madhaka, mabumpers, uye rearview mirror housings zvinogonawo kuratidza simbi yesimbi.

2. Kudiwa kwenjanji yemapurasitiki akagadziridzwa

Kuvandudzwa kwekufambiswa kwechitima muChina kuri kufambira mberi nekukurumidza sekumhanya kwenjanji yekuChina inomhanya. Kuwedzera kwenzvimbo yenzvimbo yezvitima zvinomhanya-mhanya uye zvitima zvinomhanya-mhanya, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwekunyaradza kwekutasva, pasina mubvunzo kunoisa pamberi pepamusoro pekuita zvinodiwa zvemidziyo yemumba.

Mumunda wemapurasitiki akagadziridzwa, polyamide inoumbwa zvinhu zvine hunhu hwepamusoro elasticity, self-lubrication, kupfeka kuramba, kukanganisa kupikisa, corrosion resistance, nezvimwewo, izvo zvinogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekushanda. kutakuras uye kuita basa mukuchengetedza, kumhanya kukuru, uye mutoro unorema wekutakura njanji. kuita basa rinokosha mu.

Semuyenzaniso, SKF yeSweden inoshandisa makumi maviri neshanu muzana egirazi faibha yakasimbiswa PA25 inoumbwa zvinhu kugadzira macheji ekutakurisa pamabhengi emota dzevafambi uye locomotive traction kutakura mota. Mumba yakagadziridzwa PA66/PA6, senge Jin Yang, ine hunhu hwepamusoro elasticity, kukanganisa kupikisa, kusaita ngura, kugadzirisa nyore, uye huremu huremu. Inogona kushandiswa kukungurutsa kutakura matanga, geji baffles, geji zvidhinha, insulating gaskets, pombi maoko, etc. Parts.

3. Kuwanda kwezvinhu zvemumba zvendege zviri kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma

Indasitiri yekuChina yekubhururuka nendege yakamanikidzwa nevamwe uye ichivimba nezvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika. Kwenguva yakareba, vatengesi vemidziyo yemumba vakakwanisa kugadzira zvinhu zvishoma zvinosangana nendege kuita zvinodiwa.

Nekudaro, nekukura kuri kuwedzera kwendege dzeR&D matekinoroji akadai seC919, Yun-20, uye F-20, nhevedzano yetsvakiridzo yezvinhu zvitsva nekusimudzira yakaitwa panguva imwe chete muChina. Zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda uye zvehunyanzvi zvakatyorwa, uye zvinhu zvakawanda zvepamba zvekushanda zvakanyanya zvakatanga. Inoshandiswa kumunda wendege. Parizvino, mapurasitiki akagadziridzwa akazvimiririra akagadziridzwa nenyika yedu ane hunhu hwekupisa tembiricha, kuzvigadzika, kuramba kwekudengenyeka kwenyika, makemikari kuramba uye kupfeka kuramba, nezvimwewo, uye anogona kushandiswa kune akawanda zvikamu zvakaita semapapiro, mabhureki, friction nzvimbo. , maredhimu zvichingodaro. Pamusoro pe, Kugadzira PEEK composite zvinhu zvinogona kuderedza huremu hwendege uye zvakashandiswa mumakonhi emakabhini eAirbus ndege. Parizvino, vazhinji vatengesi vepamba vane iyi tekinoroji.

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